Bipolar Disorder

What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterised by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These mood shifts can be intense and interfere with daily life, making it challenging to maintain relationships, work, or manage everyday tasks. The condition affects both the brain’s chemistry and how a person feels, thinks, and behaves. While the exact cause of bipolar disorder isn't fully understood, it is believed to involve a combination of genetics, brain structure, and environmental factors. With the right treatment, including therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes, people with bipolar disorder can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Types of bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is primarily divided into two main types:

• Bipolar I disorder: This type is characterised by manic episodes lasting at least seven days or by manic symptoms that are so severe they require immediate hospital care. Depressive episodes may occur as well, typically lasting at least two weeks.
• Bipolar II disorder: This type involves a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but not the full-blown manic episodes that are typical of Bipolar I disorder. Hypomania is a less severe form of mania.

There are also other forms, such as Cyclothymic Disorder, which involves periods of hypomania and depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years but does not meet the diagnostic criteria for a hypomanic or depressive episode.

Signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder

The signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary widely between individuals, but they generally involve periods of extreme mood swings.

These can include:

• Manic or hypomanic episodes: Symptoms can include elevated mood, increased energy, reduced need for sleep, racing thoughts, impulsive behaviour, and poor decision-making (e.g., overspending, reckless driving, or taking risks).
• Depressive episodes: Symptoms of depression may include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, changes in appetite or sleep, and thoughts of death or suicide.

During periods of mania or hypomania, a person might feel on top of the world, full of energy, or overly optimistic, while during depressive episodes, they may experience intense feelings of sadness or hopelessness, struggling to find joy in everyday activities.

The impact of bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder can significantly impact a person’s life, influencing their work, relationships, and physical health:

• Impaired functioning: Extreme mood swings can make it difficult to maintain consistency in work or social situations, leading to problems at home or in the workplace.
• Relationship difficulties: Mood swings can strain relationships with family and friends. The unpredictable nature of the condition may cause misunderstandings and stress.
• Physical health problems: Poor mental health can affect one’s physical health. For instance, during manic episodes, people might neglect their well-being or engage in risky behaviours, while depressive episodes can lead to neglect of self-care.
• Substance abuse: People with bipolar disorder are at higher risk of turning to alcohol or drugs to manage their symptoms, especially when feeling overwhelmed or in distress.
• Suicidal thoughts or actions: During depressive phases, individuals may experience thoughts of self-harm or suicide. This is a serious concern and requires immediate professional intervention.

How to manage and treat bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder can be effectively managed with a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes.

A comprehensive treatment plan often includes:

• Medication: Medications are essential for managing bipolar disorder. These may include mood stabilisers, antipsychotic medications, and antidepressants, depending on the type and severity of the disorder.
• Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic approaches can help individuals manage the symptoms of bipolar disorder by providing strategies for coping with mood changes, addressing negative thought patterns, and improving emotional regulation.
• Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and a consistent sleep routine are essential for managing symptoms. Reducing stress through relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation, or deep-breathing exercises can also help.
• Support networks: Peer support groups, family involvement, and strong social support can be incredibly valuable. Family members can benefit from understanding the condition and learning how best to support their loved one.
• Coping strategies: Developing personal coping mechanisms, such as mindfulness, journaling, or pursuing hobbies, can assist in managing stress and maintaining emotional stability.

How we can help

If you or someone you care about is struggling with bipolar disorder, support is available. Seeking help early can prevent the condition from worsening and improve outcomes. With appropriate treatment, people with bipolar disorder can lead fulfilling lives and effectively manage their symptoms.